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The December 1937 incident that has come to be known as the Rape of Nanking is, without doubt, a tragedy that will not soon be forgotten. While acknowledging that a tremendous loss of life occurred, this study challenges the current prevailing notion that the incident was a deliberate, planned effort on the part of the Japanese military and analyzes events to produce an accurate estimate of the scale of the atrocities. Drawing on Chinese, Japanese, and English sources, Yamamoto determines that what happened at Nanking were unfortunate atrocities of conventional war with precedents in both Eastern and Western military history. He concludes that post-war events such as the war crimes trials and the impact of the Holocaust in Europe affected public opinion regarding Nanking and led to a dramatic reinterpretation of events.
The Rape of Nanking consisted of two distinct phases: the mass execution of prisoners of war (as well as conscription age men who appeared to be combatants) and the delinquent acts of individual soldiers. The first phase, which occurred immediately after Nanking's fall and which claimed most of the atrocity victims, was the result of the Japanese military's attempt to clear the city of Chinese soldiers thought to be in plain clothes. The second phase, which lasted approximately six weeks, was horrible, but resulted in a much smaller number of fatalities. It was characterized by numerous criminal acts, ranging from rape and murder to arson and theft, committed by unrestrained Japanese soldiers. The root cause for both phases was the Japanese military's bureaucratic inefficiency and command irresponsibility. While both Chinese and American contemporary sources initially attributed the incident to these causes, subsequent Japanese atrocities against both military and civilian Allied personnel during World War II and evidence presented at war crimes trials would come to reshape perceptions of the Nanking events as an Asian counterpart to the Nazi Holocaust.
- Sales Rank: #2057347 in Books
- Published on: 2000-08-30
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.02" h x .94" w x 5.98" l, 1.70 pounds
- Binding: Hardcover
- 368 pages
Review
"[T]his is an excellent study...Yamamoto has affected scholarly assessments of the Sino-Japanese War."-The Journal of Asian Studies
"[T]his work is a significant contribution. Yamamoto argues that without "clarification of the truth," there is "no way to determine in what way the Japanese...should be held responsible." His careful, dispassionate analysis of evidence, added to his refusal to embrace either the deniers or the outraged, may make us uncomfortable, but it does move us toward clarity."-The Historian
"ÝT¨his is an excellent study...Yamamoto has affected scholarly assessments of the Sino-Japanese War."-The Journal of Asian Studies
"ÝT¨his work is a significant contribution. Yamamoto argues that without "clarification of the truth," there is "no way to determine in what way the Japanese...should be held responsible." His careful, dispassionate analysis of evidence, added to his refusal to embrace either the deniers or the outraged, may make us uncomfortable, but it does move us toward clarity."-The Historian
?[T]his is an excellent study...Yamamoto has affected scholarly assessments of the Sino-Japanese War.?-The Journal of Asian Studies
?[T]his work is a significant contribution. Yamamoto argues that without "clarification of the truth," there is "no way to determine in what way the Japanese...should be held responsible." His careful, dispassionate analysis of evidence, added to his refusal to embrace either the deniers or the outraged, may make us uncomfortable, but it does move us toward clarity.?-The Historian
?The historical landscape is undergoing a curious change. A new genre has sprouted, [taking] the form of short books on dramatic events they focus on an incident, relate it as a story, and then follow its repercussions through the social order....They pose dizzying questions: How can we know what actually happened? Where is the truth to be found among competing interpretations? Many of the incidents concern the blackest aspects of the twentieth century. The massacre of defenseless civilians during their occupation of Nanking illustrates this tendency....Nanking: The Anatomy of an Atrocity by Masahiro Yamamoto shows how the debate about [these] events has continued to reverberate through Japanese society. Yamamoto attempted to arrive at an accurate assessment of the scale of the massacre....That estimate discredited revisionists, who claimed that virtually no atrocities had occurred, but it fell far short of the more standard view.?-The New York Review of Books
"The historical landscape is undergoing a curious change. A new genre has sprouted, [taking] the form of short books on dramatic events they focus on an incident, relate it as a story, and then follow its repercussions through the social order....They pose dizzying questions: How can we know what actually happened? Where is the truth to be found among competing interpretations? Many of the incidents concern the blackest aspects of the twentieth century. The massacre of defenseless civilians during their occupation of Nanking illustrates this tendency....Nanking: The Anatomy of an Atrocity by Masahiro Yamamoto shows how the debate about [these] events has continued to reverberate through Japanese society. Yamamoto attempted to arrive at an accurate assessment of the scale of the massacre....That estimate discredited revisionists, who claimed that virtually no atrocities had occurred, but it fell far short of the more standard view."-The New York Review of Books
About the Author
MASAHIRO YAMAMOTO is currently a Visiting Assistant Professor of Asian Studies at Randolph-Macon College in Ashland, Virginia. His specialty is military and naval history as well as Japanese History. He also teaches Japanese language.
Most helpful customer reviews
3 of 7 people found the following review helpful.
Excuses and Good Scholarship
By Timothy Takemoto
Excuses, excuses...This book does try to make excuses for what happened in Nanking which is sad and enough to put many off the book. But of Iris Chans, Fogel et. al's and Tanaka's books on Nanking, this book came across as giving the most balanced portrayal of the facts. For example Yamamoto reviews research that is both damning and apologetic, Chinese and Japanese.
I could have done without the chapter on atrocities in history, which attempts to persuade readers that Nanking was 'business-of-war as usual'. But then again this book does go some way towards making the events in Nanking understandable. If one believes the accounts put forward by Iris Chang, then it would seem that the Japanese are indeed a nation of devils quite without parallel in history. From reading the reviews here it would seem that there are a lot of people who do believe in the fundamental malevolence of the Japanese. The two or three recent movies about Nanking also lead the viewer to these sort of conclusions.
Yamamoto shines a light what happened and explains how it came about. If he were not Japanese then he might be more damning of the outcome, but in my view Yamamoto presents the facts with enough clarity to allow readers to come to their own decisions. In that respect, this is a scholarly work.
I predict, however, that not only will this sort of scholarship be labelled as "revisionism" it will go on to be treated, and perhaps even banned, in the same way as holocaust denial. As Iris Chan style viewpoints stack up against them, the Japanese will either have to distance themselves from their "evil" past (something that as ancestor-respecters, and having a shame based morality they will find very difficult to do) or continue to be labelled as nazism-unrepentant, evil-personified, devils.
Read this book before it is taken from library shelves.
(I am British, long-term resident of Japan with a Japanese family. I have even taken a Japanese name. Perhaps I am now half devil?)
Addition
Another good book on Nanking is John Rabe's diary. It is first hand, fairly neutral (Rabe German, hence a Japanese ally, but resident in China and clearly Sino-sympathetic). If you go through that book you will find a lot of very harrowing stuff. But if you go through it looking for evidence of mass killing, then you will find surprisingly little - I was surprised. What you will find is first hand reports of rape, upon rape in a scale so massive, so methodical, routine, and even accepted, that it beggars belief. And this, I think, is very important both in respect of the historicity of Nanking and also the comfort women. Both events, Nanking, and the comfort women share two types of violence: sexual and murderous. I am not saying that they can be disentangled, but it seems to me that to a degree differing conceptions of sexual violence, at least amongst wartime Japanese, may cause differences in differences in appraisal of non-sexual violence. For example, to what extent are forced labour and fored sex different? From a British point of view, I think, the difference is almost night and day. That one nation require of another, defeated nation forced labour, through taxation for instance, as was common in British colonies, would hardly raise a British eyebrow. But if one nation should force another nations women to provide sex, i.e. for a nation to condone, oversea, and carry out RAPE officially, well that nation would be the kingdom of Satan itself, from a British point of view. It seems to me first of all that war-time Japanese may not have seen/realised the extent of this difference. Further, looking back, I think perhaps that the negativity with which sexual violence is now associated, makes associated acts of violence appear even worse than they were. Such is the negativity with with RAPE is viewed, even pointing out this possible duality may seem to be evil. I may be entirely wrong. I encourage those interested to read first hand accounts as well.
1 of 3 people found the following review helpful.
A very good book
By hudson
The book is a pretty balanced view of what happened at Nanking. The author did a very good job of reviewing the facts that exist from all sources. The book presents the information well and is a pretty dramatic and interesting reading. It does not attempt to assign blame it leaves that for the reader.
9 of 14 people found the following review helpful.
A Test of Objectivity
By A Customer
For a Japanese writer, to write a defensive history about the Rape of Nanking is like testifying in defence of a distant cousin on trial for his twenty-first murder. It is a futile excersize on two levels: One, nobody will believe you. Two, even if he is aquitted he will still be hanged for the twenty other murders he actually commited.
For the Western reader, such a book will be a test of objectivity. You are sitting in the jury box and asked to deliver blind justice to a guilty man whom everybody hates and consider the verdict on his twenty-first murder and do it fairly.
I expect most Western readers to fail this test. Yamamoto, for the most part, failed the test as the objective witness. The author should be given credit for trying. Who would willingly take the witness stand for such a thankless ordeal?
Yamamoto gives convincing evidence about the raw facts of the massacre, debunking the myths surrounding the incident and setting the record straight on how many people were actually killed. He falls short when he tries to make sense of it. For example, he blames poor logistics as the cause of the Japanese lootings, but fails to explain why there were no lootings or robberies in Singapore where the Japanese Army faced greater logistic problems. Also, it stretches credibility to say that this was not a "massacre" but a millitary operation. Even by his watered down estimate, more than 40,000 people died in Nanking.
I give Yamamoto full points for his dilligent fact gathering, but the conclusions he draws from it are less than agreeable. He suggests that Gen. Matsui, the Japanese commander, was unjustly procecuted in the Tokyo Trials. That may be so, but that is akin to saying that your cousin was innocent of his twenty-first murder. That would not have saved Matsui from the noose. What the book does help to save is the humanity of the modern reader who dares to take the test of objectivity.
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